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December 2016 (Volume 94)
Quarterly Article
John E. McDonough
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Has the time come for a national movement in the United States to expand access to affordable and quality oral health services? A growing network is betting that the answer is yes. Let’s consider this nascent movement using the three ways that public health knowledge gets translated into public policy: the knowledge base, the social strategy, and political will.1
The United States has problems with oral health. While most Americans’ oral health has improved markedly over 60 years, many millions are left behind and hurting. Societal improvements in science, technology, education, hygiene, community water fluoridation, and school-based services have not been broadly shared.2 Today, 130 million Americans, primarily adults, have no dental coverage. Many Americans with coverage find today’s health insurance cost-sharing requirements a prohibitive barrier to care. Medicare provides no dental coverage for 70% of its enrollees; 40% of them did not visit a dentist in 2014 and 60% have severe or moderate gum disease. Medicaid does cover dental services for low-income children but 17 million of them got no dental care in 2009. In most states, Medicaid covers no or little dental care for poor adults, while 47 million Americans live in areas where finding a dentist can be impossible.
Because of these access issues, 25% of adults over age 65 have lost all their teeth (edentulism). In 2009, US hospital emergency departments saw 850,000 visits for preventable dental pain. The avoidable disease called dental caries (or cavities) is 5 times more prevalent than asthma and affects 60% of children age 5 to 17. For those left behind, it’s a crisis. Oral health is an important part of US racial and ethnic health disparities.
Bad oral health results in pain, substandard nutrition, sleep loss, lost school time, work absence, worse jobs, and lowered self-esteem. Chronic oral infection is a proven risk factor for diabetes, osteoporosis, heart and lung disease, low birth weight, and if a dental abscess grows out of control, sepsis. Good oral health care improves overall health and decreases hospitalizations for conditions such as cerebral vascular disease and rheumatoid arthritis. The link between tobacco use and oral disease has been recognized since the US surgeon general’s 1964 report on smoking and health.3
Over the past two decades, scientific evidence from government, academia, and nonprofits has documented these problems. The landmark 2000 surgeon general’s report, Oral Health in America, called the nation’s poor oral health status a “silent epidemic” characterized by disparities in health status, access, and unmet needs.4 Reports from the National Academy of Medicine, the US Health Services and Resources Administration, the Kellogg Foundation, the Pew Charitable Trust, and others have expanded our knowledge. While more is to be learned, the evidence is abundant.
National, regional, state, and local organizations have recently started working on policies and political strategies to address these needs. Their overlapping strategies fit three categories: access, workforce, and community.
The access goal is to expand coverage for everyone without dental benefits in Medicare, Medicaid, and private insurance—a formidable challenge. Today, 33% of Medicare enrollees are covered for routine care when enrolled in a private Medicare plan; the other 66% can obtain care only for needs linked to emergent nondental medical conditions. In Medicaid, coverage for adults needs to be required as it is for children; right now, adult coverage is a state option. In private health insurance, dental coverage is an “essential health benefit” under the Affordable Care Act for children but not adults. Addressing these gaps requires congressional action, an expensive and difficult proposition.
Workforce strategies address inadequate numbers of dental health practitioners serving vulnerable populations—especially Medicaid enrollees, lower-income seniors, institutionalized individuals, and rural residents. One popular solution is to train and license “dental therapists,” or midlevel professionals, like nurse practitioners, who can deliver basic care to underserved populations. Though opposed by national and state dental societies, state governments are increasingly sympathetic to this direction.
Another approach involves integrating oral health and general medical care, a divide with long roots. On one side, integration involves physicians and nurses screening—and treating—patients with dental needs; on the other, it empowers dentists and other dental professionals to screen patients for nondental medical problems such as throat cancer. Even further, integration brings oral health professionals onto primary care teams.5
Recent and surprising integration boosters include large insurers such as UnitedHealth, Aetna, Cigna, and United Concordia/Highmark, each with studies showing that dental coverage for those with chronic diseases such as diabetes and congestive heart failure can pay for itself in reduced medical costs. Avalere found that medical costs were 29.8% lower for diabetics, 19.8% for those with heart disease, and 37.8% for stroke victims when patients had access to periodontal treatment. Though some suggest insurer conflict of interest here (most market and sell dental coverage), this is a compelling development.
On the community front, the strategy is to expand community water fluoridation and extend dental health services to schools and settings that reach disadvantaged populations.
For 5 years, Boston’s DentaQuest Foundation (an arm of the Delta Dental insurance company) has been nurturing state and local coalitions as oral health change agents. Recently, they contracted with the Washington, DC, advocacy organization, Families USA, to begin to place oral health on the national policy agenda. The Oral Health Foundation is readying a national campaign to add full dental coverage to Medicare. The Santa Fe Group is pushing the federal Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services to use their statutory authority to expand their definition of Medicare-covered dental services. None sees this as a quick effort.
Traditionally, the American Dental Association has been an ardent opponent of public dental coverage. But organized dentistry is changing as solo and small group practices erode in the face of growing large group practices. Organized dentistry has had the antigovernment instincts of small business for years. Whether it is changing sufficiently will be key for the success of this effort.
Margaret Mead said: “Never doubt that a small group of thoughtful committed citizens can change the world; indeed, it’s the only thing that ever has.” Today, it’s a small group of organizations and individuals who are committed to changing the US oral health landscape. Though it is too early to say, their efforts deserve respect and attention.
References
Author(s): John E. McDonough
Read on Wiley Online Library
Volume 94, Issue 4 (pages 720–723) DOI: 10.1111/1468-0009.12225 Published in 2016
John E. McDonough, DrPH, MPA, is a professor of public health practice at the Harvard University TH Chan School of Public Health in the Department of Health Policy and Management. Between 2008 and 2010, he served as a senior adviser on national health reform to the US Senate Committee on Health, Education, Labor, and Pensions, where he worked on the writing and passage of the Affordable Care Act. Between 2003 and 2008, he was executive director of Health Care For All, a Massachusetts consumer health advocacy organization, where he played a leading role in the passage of the 2006 Massachusetts health reform law. From 1985 to 1997, he was a member of the Massachusetts House of Representatives where he cochaired the Joint Committee on Health Care. His articles have appeared in the New England Journal of Medicine, Health Affairs and other journals. He has written several books including Inside National Health Reform in 2011 and Experiencing Politics: A Legislator’s Stories of Government and Health Care in 2000, both by the University of California Press and the Milbank Fund. He holds a doctorate in public health from the University of Michigan and a master’s in public administration from the Kennedy School of Government at Harvard University.
