Reforming Physician Licensure in the United States to Improve Access to Telehealth: State, Regional, and Federal Initiatives

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Perspective
Topics:
COVID-19 State Health Policy
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Policy Points:

  • The reinstitution of pre–COVID-19 pandemic licensure regulations has impeded interstate telehealth. This has disproportionately impacted patients who live near a state border; geographically mobile patients, such as college students; and patients with rare diseases who may need care from a specialist outside their state.
  • Several promising and feasible reforms are available, at both state and federal levels, to facilitate interstate telehealth. For example, states can offer exemptions to licensure requirements for certain types of telehealth such as follow-up care or create licensure registries that impose little reduced paperwork and fees on physicians. On the federal level, congressional interventions that mimic the Department of Veterans Affairs Maintaining Internal Systems and Strengthening Integrated Outside Networks (VA MISSION) Act of 2018 can waive provider licensing and geographic restrictions to telehealth within certain federal programs such as Medicare.
  • Any discussion of medical licensure reform, however, must also consider the current political climate, one in which states are taking divergent stances on sensitive topics such as reproductive care, gender-affirming care, and substance use treatments.

The COVID-19 pandemic sparked a dramatic increase in the use of telehealth in the United States,1 aided in no small part by a flurry of temporary payment and regulatory changes. These included expansions in reimbursement for telehealth services as well as suspensions of patient privacy regulations and offering liability immunity for practitioners. One additional notable move was to waive certain licensing requirements for providers practicing telehealth across state lines.2, 3 Most of these temporary physician licensure waivers are either poised to expire or have expired already.

During the COVID-19 public health emergency (PHE), certain patient populations were more likely to receive interstate telemedicine visits. Patients living near a state border and receiving specialized care only available in selection locations—such as oncology and pediatric patients4,5—were more likely to receive a telehealth visit in another state. College students with an established care relationship with a mental health provider also benefited because they did not have to disrupt treatment when traveling to school or returning home during breaks.6 For this population, expanded access to mental health providers as a result of telemedicine is particularly essential given that three million students attend college away from their home state per year and approximately half a million college students lose access to psychiatric care each year because of licensure barriers.7 During this period of licensure flexibility, patients could enter clinical trials held in another state that supported the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and its effort to decentralize clinical trials and to reduce barriers to participation.8

Given the many patients who benefited from interstate telehealth, advocates argue for permanently reinstituting the permissive telehealth rules adopted under the PHE or instituting permanent reforms of physician licensure, either at the state or federal level, to facilitate interstate telehealth. However, as we detail in this piece, political realities make this approach likely unfeasible. Therefore, alternative approaches that are narrower in nature are likely needed to improve access to interstate telemedicine for particular populations without disrupting the current state-based licensure regime.

This article explores a menu of possible incremental policy measures that could expand access of interstate telehealth to key patient populations. We focus on physician licensure in this article because it represents the largest debate in health care licensure at present, but we acknowledge that similar issues also exist in the licensure regimes for other clinicians such as social workers and psychologists. We organize our list of reforms according to their breadth and ambition, beginning with modest reforms that states can pursue unilaterally, then multistate initiatives that would both require and improve coordination among states, and finally with narrowly targeted federal reforms. For each reform, we outline its strengths and weakness with the aim of advancing pathways for patients to benefit from interstate telehealth.

References

  1. Cantor JH, McBain RK, Pera MF, Bravata DM, Whaley CM. Who is (and isnot) receiving telemedicine care during the COVID-19 pandemic. Am J PrevMed. 2021;61(3):434-438. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2021.01.030
  2. Shachar C, Engel J, Elwyn G. Implications for telehealth in a postp andemic future: regulatory and privacy issues. JAMA. 2020;323(23):2375. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2020.7943
  3. Bressman E, Werner RM, Cullen D, et al. Expiration of state licen-sure waivers and out-of-state telemedicine relationships. JAMA Netw Open. 2023;6(11):e2343697. doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2023.43697
  4. Supply and demand in the oncology workforce. In: Institute of Medicine of theNational Academies. Ensuring Quality Cancer Care through the Oncology Workforce:Sustaining Care in the 21st Century: Workshop Summary. National Academies Press( US); 2009:13-22. Accessed September 21, 2023. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK215252/
  5. Macy ML, Leslie LK, Turner A, Freed GL. Growth and changes in the pediatric medical subspecialty workforce pipeline. Pediatr Res. 2021;89(5):1297-1303.doi:10.1038/s41390-020-01311-7
  6. Conrad RC, Riba M. Current opportunities within college mental health. AcadPsychiatry. 2021;45(5):549-551. doi:10.1007/s40596-021-01520-07. Conrad R. A Call for Change: Removing Barriers to Telehealth Mental HealthTreatment for College Students. Ruderman Family Foundation; 2024. Ac-cessed July 7, 2024. https://connectwithcare.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/White-Paper-Telehealth-for-College-Students.pdf
  7. US Food and Drug Administration. Decentralized Clinical Trials for Drugs, Biological Products, and Devices: Guidance for Industry, Investigators, and Other Stakeholders. US Food and Drug Administration; 2023. Accessed September 21, 2023.https://www.fda.gov/media/167696/download

Citation:
Jolin JR, Richman B, Mehrota A, Shachar C. Reforming Physician Licensure in the United States to Improve Access to Telehealth: State, Regional, and Federal Initiatives. Milbank Q. 2024;102(4):0819.